Conservation Strategies for Protecting Marine Ecosystems Addressing Pollution, Overexploitation, and Habitat Fragmentation

Abstract

Purpose: Marine systems are facing increasing pollution, overexploitation, habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss. The aim of this study is to develop a holistic conservation approach which may contribute to addressing these interrelated stressors. Methodology: The data was publicly available Ocean Health Index (OHI) data used and quantitative data driven approach taken. To analyse the main indicators on pollution, fishing pressure and habitat condition, a normalization technique, a correlation analysis and a composite index modelling were used. An ecosystem vulnerability assessment model based on several criteria was created. Results: Coastal urban regions have the lowest value of the ecosystem health index (46), and protected areas have a high value (75). A negative relationship was found between combined stressor intensity and ecosystem health, with stress levels of below 50 resulting in an overall decrease in ecosystem health. The integrated model indicates that across all studied regions, pollution exerts the most significant negative pressure, while overexploitation and habitat fragmentation are secondary but critical drivers of ecosystem decline. Regions with a balance of conservation measures always scored a higher EHS (above 70). Conclusion: The study findings suggest that single-stressor approaches are not sufficient and that integrated approaches that tackle multiple stressors need to be implemented. The proposed framework may offer a data-informed approach to strengthening the resilience of marine ecosystems and support sustainable management practices.