Hydrological Modeling of Urban Watersheds to Predict Flood Risks Under Extreme Rainfall Events

Abstract

Hydrological Models (HM) effectively quantify water flow and distribution at regional and watershed scales. They have been used to model the relationship between precipitation and runoff. They assist urban planners and hydrological experts examine the intricate interaction between runoff and rainfall at various catchment and metropolitan scales. The transportation of water is a crucial issue, particularly on land. This study evaluates various HM research across many contexts, including geographic analysis within the Watershed Modelling Scheme (WMS). It aims to focus only on the essential aspects of Hydrology and HM to examine water within a watershed. This paper provides a foundational comprehension of the empirical hydrological techniques used to quantify runoff and a concise overview of two-dimensional methodologies. The study determined that Hydrology Modelling is predicated on a) Loss Techniques, b) Direct Run-off, and c) Two-Dimensional approaches. This analysis determined that the widely used hydrology models in various situations are the Hydrologic Engineering Center-HM Software (HEC-HMS) and the Soil Water Analysis Tool (SWAT). The HEC-River Analysis Systems (HEC-RAS) is crucial for evaluating flood management strategies in hydraulic water depth (ID) and 2D modeling. Hydrological models emerged as a primary tool for assessing flood danger in assessed and ungauged basins.