Emerging Technologies in Aquaculture and their Impact on Fish Health and Ecosystem Sustainability

In the last twenty years, there has been an increased growth in global aquaculture, providing more than half of all the fish consumed by humans. Despite that, there are numerous issues associated with fish health, disease control, biosecurity, and sustainability that pose serious threats to the industry. The following technology review focuses on six innovative aquaculture technologies such as RAS, AI-based health management techniques, precision feeding, nanotechnology-based administration, eDNA diagnostic techniques, and probiotic bioaugmentation, and discusses how these technologies together affect fish health outcomes and ecosystem sustainability. The following statistics were derived from 15 studies published between the years 2020 and 2025. It shows that RAS lowers the pathogen count by 91%, survival rate reaches 97%, and use of antibiotics falls by 71%. AI-based surveillance is able to detect diseases with 91.4% sensitivity and lowers mortality by 43%. Precision feeding leads to an increase in feed efficiency by 18% to 35%, and lowers effluents by 27% for nitrogen and 23% for phosphorous. The use of probiotics is capable of decreasing mortality rates by 22.4% and enhancing growth by 31.7%, thus ensuring microbiome stability and minimizing dependence on antibiotics. Nanotechnological solutions can enhance the efficiency of vaccines by 2.8 times, whereas the eDNA technique will make it possible to detect pathogens at levels under 0.3 per liter. When taken together form an integrated and scalable approach that can contribute to improved welfare of fish, increased production efficiency, and decreased environmental impact. Challenges faced when implementing this method may include substantial capital cost, regulation issues, and limitations on the labor force. Research in future should focus on multi-species studies, impacts on ecosystems for longer periods, and standardization of protocols to ensure ethical and sustainable use of new technology in global aquaculture practices.