Ecological Impacts of Invasive Species in Aquatic Ecosystems and Management Strategies

Abstract

The world’s oceans, lakes, rivers, and wetlands (collectively known as aquatic ecosystems) are in a dire state of crisis due to the widespread introduction of non-native aquatic organisms (known as invasive aquatic species, or IAS) by humans. IAS are causing ecological disruption to naturally occurring habitats and food web (trophic) disruption or cascade effects. IAS are being introduced to these ecosystems through multiple anthropogenic means; such as through the global expansion of international commerce, ornamental fish trade, or expansion of native ranges due to climate change. This review presents an overview of the various ecological effects IAS have on different types of aquatic systems through examples from various aquatic ecosystems. Pterois volitans, Dreissena polymorpha, and Eichhornia crassipes Native flora and fauna can compete for resources in the environment, which could lead to degraded water quality and significant monetary losses for tourism and commercial fishing. To counter these biological threats, it proposes the use of IPM as a multi-layered management strategy focusing primarily on preventing the introduction of these species through early detection using advanced technologies such as eDNA (Environmental DNA) and targeted physical/chemical/biological controls. Successful management of these types of species will require a transition from a strategy based on passive removal (eradication) to one based on active restoration of ecosystems over the long term in order to decrease opportunities for re-invasion and improve resiliency to future invasions. Additionally, it outlines significant challenges that inhibit effective management, including high costs associated with implementation; lack of international cooperation among countries/regions, and complications arising from Climate Change. Taken as a whole, these indicate an urgent need for proactive science-based transboundary policy initiatives to ensure the sustainability and productivity of aquatic ecosystems globally in light of increasing threats posed by biological invasives.